 
                   User Guide to ROSE X.25 Packet Networking



                    Copyright 1992 Donald A. Rotolo, N2IRZ

            Copyright 1992 Radio Amateur Telecommunications Society
                              All rights reserved
                                 Manual v3.0/A



This ASCII file version of the User Guide may be redistributed, provided it
remains complete and unaltered in any way.  RATS will usually approve other
uses of this document, but prior permission is required.





Contents


      Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

 1.   The ROSE Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

 1.1       Some Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *
 1.2       The ROSE Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *
 1.3       Entry and Exit digipeaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *
 1.4       Call Progress Messages and Disconnect Codes  . . . . . .  *

 2.   Call Traceability and Accountability  . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

 3.   ROSE Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

 3.1       HEARD  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *
 3.2       USERS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *
 3.3       INFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *
                555 Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *
                411 Server  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

      Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

      NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

      Appendix A: CCITT X.25 Clearing Codes . . . . . . . . . . . .  *

      Appendix B: CCITT X.121 Data Country Codes  . . . . . . . . .  *

      * Page numbers have been omitted in this ASCII file.



   Introduction

   This Users Guide is provided to members of the Radio Amateur
   Telecommunications Society as a member service.  It is made available to
   others at a nominal charge to cover production expenses.

   Every effort has been made to insure the accuracy of the information
   herein, but the occasional error always sneaks in.  Also, keep in mind that
   all aspects of the RATS Open Systems Environment (ROSE) are constantly
   being updated.  If you find that things are not behaving as expected, check
   which version of the ROSE application with which you are experiencing
   difficulty.  It may be that you are using a system running a different
   version of the application.

   If you are using a newer version of a ROSE application, please contact RATS
   for availability of updated documentation.  If, on the other hand, it is an
   older version of the application, we suggest you contact the system
   operator and suggest that the system be upgraded.






          1.  The ROSE Network

          The ROSE network provides short and long distance networking, all
          initiated by a simple connect command at your TNC.  To connect to
          another station, you only need to know:

          * The other station's callsign
          * The callsign of your local switch
          * The address of the other station's local switch[1]

          This information is typed into your TNC as a normal connect
          command.  ROSE can be thought of as a pair of intelligent
          digipeaters, with a callsign specifying the point you enter the
          network and an address specifying the point you exit the network.
          All of the routing from switch to switch is handled by the
          network, just like the telephone system.

          All connects using the ROSE network are done from your TNC's cmd:
          prompt, by issuing a connect command of the following form:

   C callsign Via [entry digi,]switch callsign,[DCC,]exit address[,exit digi]

          Where

               callsign
                    is the callsign of the station you want to connect to.
                    This is usually an Amateur callsign, but may take other
                    forms (such as HEARD or CROWD), and may include an SSID.

               entry digi
                    (Optional) is the callsign of a digipeater required to
                    access your local ROSE switch.  A maximum of one entry
                    digipeater is possible, because longer digipeats are
                    very wasteful of channel time.

               switch callsign
                    is the callsign of your local ROSE switch.  ROSE
                    switches do not beacon, but you may see it in use.
                    Generally, ports for USER access to the network are on
                    the 2m band, with an SSID of 3.

               DCC
                    (Optional) is the four-digit country code for the ROSE
                    switch local to the other station.  This is only used
                    when connecting into another country.  A list of X.121
                    Data Country Codes (DCC) is provided later in this
                    Users Guide.

               exit address
                    is the six-digit[2] address of the ROSE switch local
                    to the station you want to connect to.  In North
                    America, addresses for a particular area code may be
                    found by connecting to the INFO application at that
                    area code and exchange 555. (Example: 201555 for area
                    code 201).

               exit digi
                    (Optional) is the callsign of a digipeater required
                    between the station you want to connect to and their
                    local ROSE switch.  Also see entry digi.



          1.1  Some Examples

          As an example, we will look at how a basic connect command is
          made and then try a few variations.  To help with these examples,
          we've created a make believe network map[3].  Normally, such a
          map is unnecessary with ROSE networks, but in this case it will
          help to visualize switch locations.

          My callsign is N2IRZ.  Suppose I wanted to connect to my local

    ____________________________________________________________________
    |                        ``.                  :                    |
    |   _____________           :: .     [NY]     :. [CT]    .. --'' ''|
    |  |     ROSE     |       .'    ``..           .'    . ''          |
    |  |  Sample Map  |     .'       A  ``..   ..-' ...''              |
    |  |______________|    :     B       C  :  `..''       .. .-- .... |
    |                      :        D       :  .' .. -- ''             |
    |                     :    [NJ]   E ...'  :-''       [LI]        ..|
    |                      `.          .'  `` - .. .. .. .. -- '' ''   |
    |                       `.       F  `` :                           |
    |                 [PA]    '. G         :                           |
    |                         ..' H       :      Atlantic              |
    |                     . ''            :        Ocean               |
    |               .. ...'              :                             |
    |            ..' .'                  :                             |
    |``  ``  `` ` :  :                 .                               |
    | LETTER  CALLSIGN  ADDRESS         LETTER  CALLSIGN  ADDRESS      |
    |   A      K2SK-2                     E      N2FWI                 |
    |   B      N2KBD-3   201977           F      KB1BD-4               |
    |   C      N2IRZ                      G      N2EVW-3   609824      |
    |   D      WB2GTX-4                   H      KA2USU                |
    |__________________________________________________________________|

          BBS, WB2GTX-4.  From the map, I see that the N2DSY-3 (201744) switch
          is nearest to WB2GTX-4, and on the same frequency.  My local switch
          is N2KBD-3 -- I know this because I see it on the air often.
          Alternately, I could have found my local switch using the User Port
          listing that comes with this Users guide.  So, to connect to the
          BBS, I would issue a connect command at my TNC's cmd: prompt like:

          C WB2GTX-4 V N2KBD-3,201744

          Once N2KBD-3 acknowledged my connection, my TNC would say

          *** Connected to WB2GTX-4.

          Immediately after that, the network would acknowledge my connect
          request by sending the message:

          Call being Setup

          I would then wait a few moments while the network set up the
          connection.  When the connection is established, the network would
          tell me by sending the message:

          Call Complete to WB2GTX-4 @ 3100201744         [4]

          At this point, I am connected to the BBS, and everything operates as
          if I were connected directly.  If the connection attempt had failed
          for any reason, the network would inform me and provide the reason
          for the failure by sending a disconnect code[5].  Refer to Section 3
          for more details.

          Now a few variations: Suppose I was visiting a friend in Trenton,
          where the local ROSE switch's callsign is N2EVW-3.  To connect to
          WB2GTX-4, I would type:

          C WB2GTX-4 V N2EVW-3,201744

          at my TNC's cmd: prompt.  Note that the only change is my entry
          point into the network, in this case N2EVW-3 instead of N2KBD-3.
          My exit point from the network (201744) as well as the callsign
          of the BBS both remain the same.

          Now suppose that, when I came back from Philadelphia, I wanted to
          connect to my friend for a keyboard to keyboard "conversation."
          Knowing that my friend's callsign is KA2USU, that N2EVW-3 is his
          local ROSE switch, and that N2EVW-3's ROSE address is 609824, I
          would type:

          C KA2USU V N2KBD-3,609824

          Of course, my local ROSE switch in this case is N2KBD-3.

          Now suppose I wanted to connect to another friend, who lives near
          the N2DSY-3 (201744) ROSE switch.  I would type:

          C N2FWI V N2KBD-3,201744

          Compare this with the first example.

          As a final example, If I again wanted to connect to WB2GTX-4, and
          I couldn't reach N2KBD-3 directly, I could use the K2SK-2
          digipeater as an entry digipeater.  In this case, I would type:

          C WB2GTX-4 V K2SK-2,N2KBD-3,201744

          Once again, the basic form of the connect command remains the same.

          Refer to Section 1 above for the detailed syntax of a ROSE network
          connect command, and remember that all connect commands to the ROSE
          network are made while DISCONNECTED from the local switch.


          1.2  The ROSE Address

          Every ROSE switch has a unique callsign and address.  The callsign
          is the same as any other packet callsign, and usually has an SSID.
          The address consists of ten digits (in North America), which is
          broken into two parts.  The first four digits are the X.121 Data
          Country Code (DCC), which is an internationally recognized
          standard[6].  The last six digits are uniquely assigned to each ROSE
          switch based upon that ROSE switch's location.  In North America,
          the 3 digit telephone area code and the 3 digit telephone exchange
          are combined for six digits.  Other countries may use different
          addressing schemes, perhaps with different length addresses, as
          required by national standards or regulations.

          If the user does not specify the DCC when making the connect
          request, the network assumes that the exit address is within the
          country of origin.  The DCC portion of the address is not shown
          on the maps, since it is the same for all switches in the USA.  For
          example, the full address of the N2DSY-3 ROSE switch is 3100201744,
          where 3100 is the DCC for the USA.  If you are attempting an
          international connection[7] you must specify the DCC.  Note that the
          DCC uses its own digipeater field -- because a TNC will not allow
          more than 6 digits in any one field.

          Now you know how the addressing works in a ROSE switch.  You may ask
          why an address is used at all, when the callsign is also a unique
          identifier.  The answer is ROUTING.  If the callsigns were used,
          then each switch in the network would have to know about every other
          switch in the network[8].  This addressing scheme allows a ROSE
          switch to route the connect request based upon standardized
          information, thereby allowing for routing to a practically unlimited
          number of switches, locally, regionally, nationally and
          worldwide[9].


          1.3  Entry and Exit digipeaters

          The ROSE switch allows for the optional use of one digipeater at
          each end of a ROSE network connection.  Both, one or neither digi
          may be used, as necessary.  For example, say I could only reach the
          N2KBD-3 ROSE switch via a digipeater, K2SK-2, and KA2USU needed the
          K2GL-2 digi to reach N2EVW-3.  The connect command to my TNC would
          look like:

                      C KA2USU Via K2SK-2,N2KBD-3,609824,K2GL-2

          As another example, suppose I wanted to connect to TI0PAQ (Chuck)
          in Costa Rica, again using a digipeater at each end:

                    C TI0PAQ v K2SK-2,N2KBD-3,7120,100110,TI2CES-2

          That represents a real example of the longest possible connect
          command you may have to make using the ROSE network.  7120 is Costa
          Rica's DCC, 100110 is the ROSE address local to TI0PAQ, and TI2CES-2
          is the digi he needs to use.

          1.4  Call Progress Messages and Disconnect Codes

          When you issue a connect command using the ROSE network, messages
          indicating the progress of your call are sent to you so you know
          something is happening.  For example, if you were to issue the
          following command:

          C WB2GTX-4 Via N2DSY-3, 201744

          N2DSY-3 would send you an acknowledgement of your connect request on
          behalf of WB2GTX-4. At this point your TNC's connected status LED
          lights, and your TNC generates the familiar *** Connected to...
          message, but this doesn't indicate that your connection to WB2GTX-4
          is complete.  Along with the connect acknowledgement, N2DSY-3 also
          sends you the message:

          Call being setup

          indicating that your call has been accepted by the network and is
          being routed.  Once the call has been completed to WB2GTX-4, N2DSY-3
          sends you another message:

          Call Complete to WB2GTX-4 @ 3100201744.

          You are now connected to WB2GTX-4.

          If for some reason the connection to the destination station cannot
          be made, or a disconnection occurs, your local ROSE switch will send
          you a disconnect code explaining the reason before actually
          disconnecting.  One reason for receiving a disconnect code is if the
          other station is busy -- another reason would be a normal
          disconnect, such as typing "b" to a BBS.

          The disconnect code takes the form:

          *** Disconnect*** ####

          Where #### is a four digit Hexadecimal number[10] explaining the
          reason.  The first two digits are the general cause code, and the
          second two digits are the diagnostic code.  The diagnostic code is
          usually 00, but can vary.  Some common codes are listed below --a
          complete list appears in Appendix A.  A switch can be configured to
          also provide a plain-text explanation of each code, in various
          languages.  Refer to Section 3.3.

          0000  Remote Station Disconnected
                  This is a normal disconnect, such as when you type "b" to
                  a BBS.

          0100  Remote Station is Busy
                  This means that the other station is either busy or has
                  CONOK off.

          0900  Link is Out of Order
                  This means that one of the switches you're using in the
                  network has exceeded the RETRY counter, or has suffered a
                  more ominous fate (like smoke), and there is no alternate
                  route available.  It may also be seen when there's a typo
                  in the address.  If you think that a link has failed,
                  tell the network sysop--usually that's the only way they
                  find out about failures.

          0D00 Route not Known
                  This usually means that your local switch is not configured.
                  Please inform the network sysop.

          3900  Remote Station Not Responding
                  This means that the station you're trying to connect to
                  is not on the air, or is not within range of the switch
                  you specified in the exit address.


          2.  Call Traceability and Accountability

          One unique advantage of the ROSE network is the traceability of
          connections.  For example, I have connected to KA2USU using this
          connect command:  C KA2USU Via N2KBD-3, 609824.  If I were to
          type the text "Hello Ted", someone monitoring 223.4 would see
          N2EVW-3 transmit the following frame:

               N2IRZ>201977>N2EVW-3*>KA2USU: Hello Ted.

          First, note that the ROSE switch ALWAYS identifies its transmissions
          with its own callsign -- NEVER the callsign of any user.  While this
          is a legal requirement in some countries, it also makes ID beacons
          (and the resultant waste of channel time) unnecessary.  Second, note
          that EACH frame carries ALL of the information required to connect
          back to me.  Just like any digipeater connection, you would simply
          reverse the order of the digipeater fields.  Thus, to connect back
          to me after I disconnect, you could use the command:

          C N2IRZ Via N2EVW-3, 201977.

          With the ROSE network there is never any question as to whom is
          connected to whom, which station is transmitting, or how to reach
          the remote station--all of that information is included with
          every transmitted frame.


          3.  ROSE Applications

          The ROSE switch supports three[11] user-accessible applications:
          INFO, USERS and HEARD.  These applications can be optionally
          uploaded by the ROSE switch sysop to provide functions which are not
          built into the standard ROSE switch software.  To use an
          application, you simply connect to it.  For example, to get the
          heard list from the Trenton, NJ ROSE switch, you might type
          (assuming your local switch is N2KBD-3):

          C Heard Via N2KBD-3, 609824

          The "Call Complete" message will be followed by the application's
          output[12].  Please see the HEARD, USERS and INFO Application
          instructions following for more details.

          Note that, since these applications are uploadable at the sysop's
          option, they may not be in all switches.  If the application you
          are trying to connect to is not loaded into the ROSE switch at
          the address you specify, you will receive a disconnect code of
          3900.  If you would like a particular application loaded into a
          switch, send a message to the ROSE network sysop.

          3.1  The HEARD Application

          The HEARD application is very useful when looking for stations to
          connect with at a remote network address.  The "Last Heard"
          listing lets you know how recently a station was heard, and the
          "RXCnt" gives some insight into how reliable a path is going to
          be (higher RXCnts mean better paths), as well as the other
          station's activity level.  This information makes it much easier
          to select a station to connect to than a simple list.  To connect to
          this application, issue a command like:

                    C HEARD v Localswitch, Address

          Where Localswitch is the call of your local switch, and Address is
          the address of the switch you want a HEARD list from.

          A sample HEARD list is shown below:



       cmd: C HEARD V n2dsy-3,201977   <Typical connect command to HEARD>

       *** CONNECTED to HEARD VIA N2DSY-3,201977
       Call being Setup
       Call Complete to HEARD-0 @ 3100201977
       ROSE X.25 Packet Switch Version 3.0 (920730) by Thomas A. Moulton, W2VY

       Heard List for N2KBD-3  3100201977
                                    Last   First (How long ago)
         Port Station   Destination Heard  Heard  RXCnt FType Path
           1  N2IRZ-9   N2KBD-3     00:00  02:37     36   I
           1  N2IRZ-12  N2KBD-3     00:00  05:30     67  RR
           0  W2NRE     MAIL        00:00  00:00      1  UI
           0  WB2COP    MAIL        00:01  00:01      1  UI
           1  NX2P-10   N2KBD-3     00:01  09:51    119  RR
           0  N2DZZ     BEACON      00:01  00:36      4  UI
           1  N2KBD-6   N2KBD-3     00:02  00:42      9  RR
           0  K2SK-8    WF2M        00:04  00:06      9 DISC
           1  N2IRZ-12  NX2P-10     00:05  04:42    677  RR
           1  NX2P-10   N2IRZ-12    00:05  01:51    307   I
           0  KB4CYC-3  KB2EAR-3    00:05  00:05      1  RR   KE2GG-2
           1  NX2P-10   N2KBD-6     00:06  00:37      8  RR
           0  W2ZQ-4    WB2QOT      00:06  00:16      4  RR
           1  N2KBD-6   NX2P-10     00:06  00:37      8  RR
           1  N2IRZ-12  N2KBD-6     00:06  00:40     23  RR

          Type H to redisplay or * for All or Disconnect now
          END>


          Port:  0 means the Radio port, 1 means the RS 232 port (direct link
                 to co-located switches on other frequencies)

          Station:  The station that sent the packet

          Destination:  The station that the packet is sent to

          Last Heard:  Hours and Minutes ago that the most recent packet from
                       station was heard

          First Heard:  Hours and Minutes ago that first packet from station
                        was heard

          RXCnt:  Total number of frames received from station

          FType:  (Frame Type) Last frame type monitored from station

          Path:  Lists digipeater fields used between station and destination



          3.2  The USERS Application

          The USERS application is useful for determining who is connected
          to a remote station or server (i.e., what Virtual Circuits (VCs)
          are passing through a switch).  There are several other functions
          which are mainly of interest to the network sysop: The total amount
          of memory available and the amount in use; The connect status of
          each switch in a cluster; The status of each Virtual Connection (VC)
          passing through the switch (e.g., Pending, Connected, etc.); Any
          links that are out of order.  A more detailed explanation of these
          parameters may be found in the ROSE System Manager's Manual.  To
          connect to this application, issue a command like:

          C USERS v Localswitch, Address

          Where Localswitch is the call of your local switch, and Address
          is the address of the switch you want a USERS list from.

          A Sample USERS list is shown below:



     cmd: C users v n2kbd-3,201977    <Typical connect command to USERS>

     *** CONNECTED to USERS VIA N2KBD-3,201977
     Call being Setup
     Call Complete to USERS-0 @ 3100201977
     ROSE X.25 Packet Switch Version 3.0 (920730) by Thomas A. Moulton, W2VY

     User List for N2KBD-3   3100201977
     Memory Size is:  27788 Bytes
     Memory Used is:  18528 Bytes
     EPROM Checksum: 26h

     N2IRZ-9   X.25 Trunk (R1) with the following connections:
     N2IRZ     @ 3100201790     (  1 P4 D1) --> USERS     @ 3100201977
     NX2P-10   X.25 Trunk (R1) with no connections.
     N2IRZ-12  X.25 Trunk (R1) with no connections.
     N2KBD-6   X.25 Trunk (R1) with no connections.

     There are no calls Pending.

     The Following X.25 Trunks are listed as Out of Order:
     <None> - All Links Operational

     Type U to redisplay or Disconnect now
     END>



          The USERS list above shows only one user --N2IRZ-- who is connected
          from the switch at address 201790 to the USERS application at this
          switch (Address 201977).  The VC passes on to the N2IRZ-9 switch.
          To find out where it goes from there, connect to USERS at that
          switch.  The three other switches in this cluster (NX2P-10, N2IRZ-
          12, and N2KBD-6) have no VCs from this switch (201977).  It is
          possible, however, that they are carrying VCs from other switches --
          to determine that, connect to USERS at the desired switch.  Please
          note that most backbone switches don't have any applications loaded,
          and therefore their addresses are not shown in the User Ports and
          Services listing.  Contact your local network sysop for more
          information about backbone switches.


          3.3  The INFO Application

          The INFO application has three functions:

          * The first is to allow users to remotely obtain a brief text
            file describing a particular switch, which can otherwise be
            obtained (without INFO) by connecting directly to the switch
            and pressing <Enter>.  The text is determined by the sysop,
            and changes can be uploaded over the air.

          * The second is to provide two useful services: the 555 (Services)
            and the 411 (Users) servers.  These services, described in detail
            below, help users find their way around the network.

          * The third function is to append a clear text description to
            each disconnect code (See section 3), making it easier to
            understand the disconnect codes.  The text descriptions are
            presently available in English, Spanish, and German.

          Using INFO, you can retrieve text from a remote switch, in order
          to learn a little about it.  In many cases the INFO text from a
          distant switch will contain information about the distant area
          that might otherwise be unknown.

          Connecting to the INFO application is just like any other ROSE
          connection:

          C INFO v Localswitch, Address

          Where Localswitch is the call of your local switch, and Address
          is the address of the switch you want the INFO text from.


        The 555 Server

          For every Area Code served by a ROSE network, there should be at
          least one INFO server that provides a complete list of all ROSE
          switches within that Area Code that are available for User access,
          as well as all of the local services available.  This special INFO
          server responds to the address XXX555, where the XXX is the 3 digit
          Area Code.  For example, to get the list for the 201 Area Code,
          issue the command:

          C INFO via Localswitch, 201555

          Where Localswitch is the call of your local switch.


        The 411 Server

          Similar in nature to the 555 Server, each Area Code also has a
          411 server.  This application contains a list of local users and
          where they can be found.  If you would like to be added to this
          listing, simply contact the local network sysop.

          If you encounter problems accessing either of these servers, or
          have updated information, please contact the network sysop.



          Acknowledgements

          The contributions of Bill Slack, NX2P, to this work are gratefully
          acknowledged.

          And, of course, there would be no need for this User Guide if it
          weren't for the work of Thomas A. Moulton, W2VY, the author of
          the ROSE X.25 Packet Switch.



          NOTES

 1.  In a properly configured ROSE network, the address of the other station's
     local ROSE switch is identical with the other station's telephone number.
     The only unknown would then be the frequency of the other station's local
     ROSE switch.

 2.  In North America, switch addresses consist of six digits - the telephone
     area code and 3 digit exchange.  In other countries, the addressing
     scheme may differ.  Some TNCs, as well as some other networking systems,
     will not accept an all-numeric digipeater field.  The ROSE switch permits
     you to substitute the letter O for a zero and either L or I for a one in
     the address.

 3.  The sample map is used only for this example.  Contact RATS for accurate
     network maps.

 4.  The 3100 part of the address shown is the X.121 Data Country Code (also
     called the DCC) for the United States.   Please refer to Section 1.2 for
     more information about the DCC.

 5.  This will appear in the form of a 4 digit number in Hexadecimal.  A
     properly configured ROSE switch will also give you a brief text
     explanation.  A complete listing of the codes, which are internationally
     standardized CCITT X.25 disconnect codes, is given later in this User
     Guide.

 6.  A complete listing of standard X.121 Data Country Codes is given later in
     this User Guide.

 7.  Not possible at this time, but soon, as Central America and Australia
     both have extensive ROSE networks.

 8.  This is one of the biggest problems with NetRom/TheNet software.

 9.  This may be expanded to the known universe, when necessary.

10.  These codes are standard CCITT X.25 disconnect codes.  The last two
     digits are always zero.

11.  As of this writing.  Other applications are being developed.

12.  Prior to Version 2.8, HEARD and USERS waited for the user to press
     <Enter> before sending data.




Appendix A

CCITT X.25 Cause Codes used by the ROSE X.25 Packet Switch

The disconnect codes are comprised of two parts, the first two digits are the
X.25 Cause, indicating the general reason for the disconnect and the second
two digits are the X.25 Diagnostic to indicate the specific reason for the
disconnect.

X.25 Cause Codes

          CCITT X.25 Name     Value   Explanation
          _______________________________________
          DTE Originated      00      The other station disconnected
          Number Busy         01      The other station is busy
          Invalid Facility    03      internal error
          Network Congestion  05      Retry Count Exceeded
          Out of Order        09      Network link not operating
          Access Barred       0B      Can not connect to a network trunk
          Not Obtainable      0D      No known path for address specified
          Remote Procedure    11      internal error
          Local Procedure     13      internal error
          RPOA Out of Order   15 *    RPOA Not operational
          Reverse Charge      19 *    Reverse Charging not subscribed to
          Incompatible Dest.  21 *    Incompatible Destination
          Fast Select         29 *    Fast Select Not subscribed to
          Ship Absent         39      No response from station
          Gateway Proc Error  C1 *    Gateway Detected Procedure Error
          Gateway Congestion  C5 *    Gateway Congestion


X.25 Diagnostic Codes

          Value     Explanation
          _____________________
          01 (01)   Invalid P(S) - Internal sequencing error
          02 (02)   Invalid P(R) - Internal sequencing error
          17 (11)   Invalid X.25 Packet for R1 State
          19 (13)   Invalid X.25 Packet for R3 State
          20 (14)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P1 State
          21 (15)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P2 State
          22 (16)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P3 State
          23 (17)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P4 State
          24 (18)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P5 State
          25 (19)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P6 State
          26 (1A)   Invalid X.25 Packet for P7 State
          27 (1B)   Invalid X.25 Packet for D1 State
          29 (1D)   Invalid X.25 Packet for D3 State
          33 (21)   Unidentifiable Packet
          36 (24)   Illegal Packet on unassigned logical channel
          38 (26)   Packet too short
          39 (27)   Packet too long or too much Call User Data
          41 (29)   Restart packet on non-zero logical channel
          43 (2B)   Unauthorized Interrupt Confirm Packet
          44 (2C)   Unauthorized Interrupt Packet
          71 (47)   No logical channel available
          72 (48)   Call Collision
          76 (4C)   Facility not provided when expected
          119 (77)  Temporary Routing Problem (Configuration Error)
          120 (78)  Temporary Routing Problem (No Memory)
          122 (7A)  Maintenance Action - Application was unloaded
          127 (7F)  Maintenance Action - Unable to send Call Request
          146 (92)  Retry count exceeded for data packet transmission
          179 (B3)  Configuration Problem - Non X.25 PID on trunk
          229 (E5)  Reset Occurred on Reliable Connection
          233 (E9)  Queued Call failed on user trunk
          245 (F5)  Unable to connect to a Network Trunk as a User



Appendix B

Data Country Codes (DCC or DNIC)

Note: Given recent political changes in some parts of the world, it is
      advisable to verify the DCC of any country that has changed since 1988.

            Zone 2
            DCC   Country or Area
            ____________________
            2020  Greece
            2040  Netherlands
            2060  Belgium
            2080  France
            2120  Monaco
            2140  Spain
            2160  Hungarian People's Republic
            2180  German Democratic Republic
            2200  Yugoslavia (Socialist Federated Republic of)
            2220  Italy
            2260  Romania  (Socialist Republic of)
            2280  Switzerland (Confederation of)
            2300  Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
            2320  Austria
            2340  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
            2380  Denmark
            2400  Sweden
            2420  Norway
            2440  Finland
            2500  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
            2600  Poland
            2620  Federal Republic of Germany
            2660  Gibraltar
            2680  Portugal
            2700  Luxembourg
            2720  Ireland
            2740  Iceland
            2760  Albania
            2780  Malta (Republic of)
            2800  Cyprus (Republic of)
            2840  Bulgaria (People's Republic of)
            2860  Turkey

            Zone 3
            DCC   Country or Area
            ____________________
            3020  Canada
            3080  St. Pierre and Miquelon
            3100  United States of America
            3110  United States of America
            3120  United States of America
            3130  United States of America
            3140  United States of America
            3150  United States of America
            3160  United States of America
            3300  Puerto Rico
            3320  Virgin Islands (USA)
            3340  Mexico
            3380  Jamaica
            3400  French Antilles
            3420  Barbados
            3440  Antigua
            3460  Cayman Islands
            3480  British Virgin Islands
            3500  Bermuda
            3520  Grenada
            3540  Montserrat
            3560  St. Kitts
            3580  St. Lucia
            3600  St. Vincent
            3620  Netherlands Antilles
            3640  Bahamas (Commonwealth of the)
            3660  Dominica
            3680  Cuba
            3700  Dominican Republic
            3720  Haiti (Republic of)
            3740  Trinidad and Tobago
            3760  Turks and Caicos Islands

            Zone 4
            DCC   Country or Area
            ____________________
            4040  India (Republic of)
            4100  Pakistan (Islamic Republic of)
            4120  Afghanistan (Democratic Republic of)
            4130  Sri Lanka (Democratic Socialist Republic of)
            4140  Burma (Socialist Republic of the Union of)
            4150  Lebanon
            4160  Jordan (Hashemite Kingdom of)
            4170  Syrian Arab Republic
            4180  Iraq (Republic of)
            4190  Kuwait (State of)
            4200  Saudi Arabia (Kingdom of)
            4210  Yemen (Arab Republic)
            4220  Oman (Sultanate of)
            4230  Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of)
            4240  United Arab Emirates
            4250  Israel (State of)
            4260  Bahrain (State of)
            4270  Qatar (State of)
            4280  Mongolian People's Republic
            4290  Nepal
            4300  United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi)
            4310  United Arab Emirates (Dubai)
            4320  Iran (Islamic Republic of)
            4400  Japan
            4500  Korea (Republic of)
            4520  Viet Nam (Socialist Republic of)
            4540  Hong Kong
            4550  Macao
            4560  Democratic Kampuchea
            4570  Lao People's Democratic Republic
            4600  China (People's Republic of)
            4700  Bangladesh (People's Republic of)
            4720  Maldives (Republic of)

            Zone 5
            DCC   Country or Area
            ____________________
            5020  Malaysia
            5050  Australia
            5100  Indonesia (Republic of)
            5150  Philippines (Republic of)
            5200  Thailand
            5250  Singapore (Republic of)
            5280  Brunei
            5300  New Zealand
            5350  Guam
            5360  Nauru (Republic of)
            5370  Papua New Guinea
            5390  Tonga (Kingdom of)
            5400  Solomon Islands
            5410  New Hebrides
            5420  Fiji
            5430  Wallis and Futuna Islands
            5440  American Samoa
            5450  Gibert and Ellice Islands
            5460  New Caledonia and Dependencies
            5470  French Polynesia
            5480  Cook Islands
            5490  Western Samoa

            Zone 6
            DCC   Country or Area
            ____________________
            6020  Egypt (Arab Republic of)
            6030  Algeria (Algerian Democratic and Popular Republic)
            6040  Morocco (Kingdom of)
            6050  Tunisia
            6060  Libya (Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
            6070  Gambia (Republic of the)
            6080  Senegal (Republic of the)
            6090  Mauritania (Islamic Republic of)
            6100  Mali (Republic of)
            6110  Guinea (Revolutionary People's Republic of)
            6120  Ivory Coast (Republic of the)
            6130  Upper Volta (Republic of)
            6140  Niger (Republic of the)
            6150  Togolese Republic
            6160  Benin (People's Republic of)
            6170  Mauritius
            6180  Liberia (Republic of)
            6190  Sierra Leone
            6200  Ghana
            6210  Nigeria (Federal Republic of)
            6220  Chad (Republic of the)
            6230  Central African Republic
            6240  Cameroon (United Republic of)
            6250  Cape Verde (Republic of)
            6260  Sao Tome and Principe (Democratic Republic of)
            6270  Equatorial Guinea (Republic of)
            6280  Gabon Republic
            6290  Congo (People's Republic of the)
            6300  Zaire (Republic of)
            6310  Angola (People's Republic of)
            6320  Guinea-Bissau (Republic of)
            6330  Seychelles
            6340  Sudan (Democratic Republic of the)
            6350  Rwanda (Republic of)
            6360  Ethiopia
            6370  Somali Democratic Republic
            6380  Republic of Djibouti
            6390  Kenya (Republic of)
            6400  Tanzania (United Republic of)
            6410  Uganda (Republic of)
            6420  Burundi (Republic of)
            6430  Mozambique (People's Republic of)
            6450  Zambia (Republic of)
            6460  Madagascar (Democratic Republic of)
            6470  Reunion (French Department of)
            6480  Zimbabwe
            6490  Namibia
            6500  Malawi
            6510  Lesotho  (Kingdom of)
            6520  Botswana (Republic of)
            6530  Swaziland (Kingdom of)
            6540  Comoros (Federal and Islamic Republic of the)
            6550  South Africa (Republic of)

            Zone 7
            DCC   Country or Area
            ____________________
            7020  Belize
            7040  Guatemala (Republic of)
            7060  El Salvador (Republic of)
            7080  Honduras (Republic of)
            7100  Nicaragua
            7120  Costa Rica
            7140  Panama (Republic of)
            7160  Peru
            7220  Argentine Republic
            7240  Brazil (Federal Republic of)
            7300  Chile
            7320  Colombia (Republic of)
            7340  Venezuela (Republic of)
            7360  Bolivia (Republic of)
            7380  Guyana
            7400  Ecuador
            7420  Guiana (French Department of)
            7440  Paraguay (Republic of)
            7460  Suriname (Republic of)
            7480 Uruguay (Oriental Republic of




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<EOF>